Nhanganyaya
Isu tese tinoziva musimboti wekugadzika uye usiri-chikamu musimboti weIP uye mashandisiro ayo mukutaurirana kwetiweki. IP kupatsanurwa uye kuunganidzazve inzira yakakosha mukuita kwekutakura kwepaketi. Kana saizi yepakiti ichidarika iyo yakanyanya kutapurirana Unit (MTU) muganho wetiweki link, IP kupatsanurwa inotsemura pakiti kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvakawanda zvekutumira. Zvimedu izvi zvinofambiswa zvakazvimiririra munetiweki uye, pakusvika kwazvinoenda, zvinounganidzwa zvakare mumapaketi akazara neIP reassemble mechanism. Iyi nzira yekuparadzanisa uye kuunganidza zvakare inovimbisa kuti hukuru hukuru mapaketi anogona kufambiswa mumambure uku uchisimbisa kutendeseka uye kuvimbika kweiyo data. Muchikamu chino, tichatarisa zvakadzama kuti IP kupatsanurwa uye kubatanidza kunoshanda sei.
IP Fragmentation uye Reassembly
Different data links have different maximum transmission units (MTU); semuenzaniso, iyo FDDI data link ine MTU ye4352 bytes uye Ethernet MTU ye1500 bytes. MTU inomirira Maximum Transmission Unit uye inoreva hupamhi hwepacket size inogona kufambiswa netiweki.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) ndeyekumhanya-mhanya kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo network (LAN) chiyero chinoshandisa optical fiber senzira yekufambisa. Iyo Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) ndiyo yakakura saizi yepakiti inogona kufambiswa ne data link layer protocol. MuFDDI network, saizi yeMTU i4352 bytes. Izvi zvinoreva kuti saizi yepamusoro yepakiti inogona kufambiswa neiyo data link layer protocol muFDDI network ndeye 4352 bytes. Kana iyo pakiti ichafambiswa ichipfuura saizi iyi, inoda kupatsanurwa kupatsanura pakiti kuita zvidimbu zvakawanda zvakafanira saizi yeMTU yekutapurirana uye kuunganazve kune anogamuchira.
Kune Ethernet, iyo MTU inowanzoita 1500 bytes muhukuru. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Ethernet inogona kufambisa mapaketi anosvika 1500 bytes muhukuru. Kana saizi yepakiti ichipfuura iyo MTU muganho, ipapo paketi inokamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvekutapurirana uye kuunganidzwazve kunzvimbo yekuenda. Reassembly iyo yakapatsanurwa IP datagraph inogona chete kuitiswa neyekunotambira, uye router haizoite reassembly oparesheni.
Takataurawo nezvezvikamu zveTCP kare, asi MSS inomirira Maximum Segment Size, uye inoita basa rakakosha muTCP protocol. MSS inoreva hukuru hwechikamu chepamusoro che data chinotenderwa kutumirwa mukubatana kweTCP. Zvakafanana neMTU, MSS inoshandiswa kudzikamisa saizi yemapakiti, asi inozviita padanho rekutakura, TCP protocol layer. Iyo TCP protocol inotumira dhata reiyo application layer nekukamura data muzvikamu zvakawanda zve data, uye saizi yechikamu chimwe nechimwe che data inoganhurwa neMSS.
Iyo MTU yega yega data link yakasiyana nekuti yega yega mhando yedata data inoshandiswa kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana. Zvichienderana nechinangwa chekushandisa, akasiyana MTU anogona kugarwa.
Ngatitii mutumiri anoda kutumira dhatagiramu hombe ye4000 byte kuti iendeswe pamusoro peiyo Ethernet link, saka iyo datagraph inoda kupatsanurwa kuita matatu madiki datagraphs ekutapurirana. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti saizi yediki yega yega datagraph haigone kudarika iyo MTU muganhu, iyo 1500 bytes. Mushure mekugamuchira matatu madiki datagraphs, anogamuchira anoaunganidza zvakare mune yepakutanga 4000 byte yakakura datagraph zvichienderana nenhamba yekutevedzana uye kumisa kwega yega datagram.
Mukutapurirana kwakakamukana, kurasikirwa kwechidimbu kuchaita kuti iyo yese IP datagraph ishande. Kuti udzivise izvi, TCP yakaunza MSS, uko kupatsanurwa kunoitwa paTCP layer panzvimbo peiyo IP layer. Kubatsira kweiyi nzira ndeyekuti TCP ine kudzora kwakaringana pamusoro pehukuru hwechikamu chimwe nechimwe, izvo zvinodzivirira matambudziko ane chekuita nekupatsanurwa pa IP layer.
Kune UDP, tinoedza kusatumira data pakiti yakakura kupfuura iyo MTU. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti UDP ndeye yakabatana yakanangana yekufambisa protocol, iyo isingapi kuvimbika uye nzira dzekutumira seTCP. Kana tikatumira UDP data packet yakakura kupfuura MTU, inoparadzaniswa neiyo IP layer yekutapurirana. Kana imwe yezvimedu ichinge yarasika, iyo UDP protocol haigone kuendesa zvakare, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwedata. Naizvozvo, kuitira kuti tive nechokwadi chekufambisa data kwakavimbika, isu tinofanirwa kuedza kudzora saizi yeUDP data mapaketi mukati meMTU uye kudzivirira kutapurirana kwakakamukana.
Mylinking ™ Network Packet Brokerinokwanisa kuona otomatiki mhando dzakasiyana dzetunnel protocol VxLAN/NVGRE/IPoverIP/MPLS/GRE, zvichingodaro, inogona kutariswa zvinoenderana nechimiro chemushandisi zvinoenderana nekuyerera kwemugero wemukati kana wekunze maitiro.
○ Inogona kuziva VLAN, QinQ, uye MPLS label mapaketi
○ Inogona kuona yemukati nekunze VLAN
○ IPv4/IPv6 mapaketi anogona kuzivikanwa
○ Inogona kuona VxLAN, NVGRE, GRE, IPoverIP, GENEVE, MPLS tunnel mapaketi
○ IP Yakatsemuka Packets inogona Kuzivikanwa (Inotsigirwa IP kupatsanurwa chitupa uye inotsigira kubatanidzwazve kweIP kupatsanurwa kuitira kushandisa L4 chimiro kusefa pane ese IP kupatsanurwa mapaketi.
Sei IP yakaparadzaniswa uye TCP yakaparadzaniswa?
Sezvo mukufambiswa kwenetiweki, iyo IP layer inongo patsanura iyo data packet, kunyangwe iyo TCP layer isingaite chikamu data, iyo data packet inozopatsanurwa otomatiki neiyo IP layer uye kutumirwa kazhinji. Saka nei TCP ichida kupatsanurwa? Hakusi kuwandisa here ikoko?
Ngatitii pane packet hombe isina kupatsanurwa paTCP layer uye yakarasika pakufamba; TCP ichaitumirazve, asi mupaketi hombe chete (kunyangwe iyo IP layer ichitsemura data kuita mapaketi madiki, rimwe nerimwe rine MTU kureba). Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo IP layer haina hanya nezve yakavimbika kuendesa data.
Mune mamwe mazwi, pakutakura kwemuchina kuenda kunetiweki link, kana iyo yekufambisa layer ikatsemura data, iyo IP layer haiitsemure. Kana kupatsanurwa kusingaitwe padanho rekutakura, kupatsanurwa kunogoneka pane IP layer.
Mumashoko akareruka, TCP zvikamu zve data kuitira kuti IP layer irege kuparadzaniswa, uye kana kudzorerwa kunoitika, zvikamu zviduku chete zve data zvakaparadzaniswa zvinotumirwa zvakare. Nenzira iyi, kutapurirana kwakanaka uye kuvimbika kunogona kuvandudzwa.
Kana TCP yakatsemuka, iyo IP layer haina kupatsanurwa?
Muhurukuro iri pamusoro, takataura kuti mushure mekuparadzaniswa kweTCP kune anotumira, hapana kupatsanurwa pa IP layer. Nekudaro, panogona kunge paine mamwe madhizaini dhizaini mukati mese yekufambisa link inogona kunge iine yakanyanya kutapurirana unit (MTU) idiki pane iyo MTU pane anotumira. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe iyo packet yakakamurwa kune anotumira, yakakamurwa zvakare sezvo ichipfuura nepakati IP layer yemidziyo iyi. Pakupedzisira, shards dzose dzichaunganidzwa pane anogamuchira.
Kana isu tikakwanisa kuona iyo shoma MTU pamusoro pese link uye kutumira data pakureba ikoko, hapana kupatsanurwa kuchaitika zvisinei kuti iyo node inotumirwa kwairi. Iyi shoma MTU pamusoro pese link inonzi nzira MTU (PMTU). Apo IP packet inosvika pa router, kana MTU ye router iri pasi pehurefu hwepakiti uye mureza weDF (Usa Fragment) wakaiswa ku 1, router haizokwanisi kuparadzanisa pakiti uye inogona kungoidonhedza. Muchiitiko ichi, router inogadzira ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) meseji yekukanganisa inonzi "Fragmentation Inodiwa Asi DF Set." Iyi ICMP mhosho meseji ichadzoserwa kune kwainotangira kero ine MTU kukosha kweiyo router. Kana iye anotumira agamuchira iyo ICMP mhosho meseji, inogona kugadzirisa saizi yepakiti zvichibva pane iyo MTU kukosha kuitira kudzivirira iyo inorambidzwa kupatsanura mamiriro zvakare.
IP kupatsanurwa chinhu chinodiwa uye chinofanira kudzivirirwa paIP layer, kunyanya pamidziyo yepakati mune chinongedzo. Naizvozvo, muIPv6, kupatsanurwa kweIP mapaketi nemidziyo yepakati kwakarambidzwa, uye kupatsanurwa kunogona kuitwa chete pakutanga uye pakupera kwekubatanidza.
Basic Kunzwisisa kweIPv6
IPv6 ivhezheni yechitanhatu yeInternet Protocol, inova inotsiva IPv4. IPv6 inoshandisa 128-bit kero kureba, iyo inogona kupa akawanda IP kero kupfuura 32-bit kero kureba kweIPv4. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo IPv4 kero nzvimbo inopera zvishoma nezvishoma, nepo IPv6 kero nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo uye inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zveramangwana Internet.
Paunenge uchitaura nezve IPv6, kuwedzera kune imwe nzvimbo yekero, inounzawo kuchengetedzwa kuri nani uye scalability, izvo zvinoreva kuti IPv6 inogona kupa iri nani network ruzivo kana ichienzaniswa neIPv4.
Kunyangwe IPv6 yanga iripo kwenguva yakareba, kuendesa kwayo pasi rose kuchiri kunonoka. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti IPv6 inoda kuenderana neiyo iripo IPv4 network, inoda shanduko uye kutama. Nekudaro, nekuneta kweIPv4 kero uye kuwedzera kudiwa kweIPv6, kuwedzera uye kuwanda kwevashandisi veInternet uye masangano vari kutora zvishoma nezvishoma IPv6, uye zvishoma nezvishoma vachiona iyo mbiri-stack kushanda kweIPv6 uye IPv4.
Summary
Muchitsauko chino, takatarisa zvakadzama kuti IP kupatsanurwa uye kubatanidza basa kunoshanda sei. Akasiyana data link ane akasiyana Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). Kana saizi yepakiti ikadarika muganhu weMTU, IP kupatsanurwa inokamura pakiti kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvakawanda zvekutapurirana, uye wozvibatanidza zvakare mupaketi rakazara neIP resemble michina mushure mekusvika kwainoenda. Chinangwa cheTCP kupatsanurwa ndechekuita kuti IP layer isave chidimbu, uye kuendesa chete diki data rakakamurwa kana retransmission ikaitika, kuitira kuti ivandudze kutapurirana uye kuvimbika. Nekudaro, panogona kunge paine mamwe madhizaini dhizaini mukati mese yekufambisa link iyo MTU inogona kunge iri diki pane yeanotumira, saka packet icharamba yakakamurwa zvakare paIP layer yemidziyo iyi. Kupatsanurwa paIP layer kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, kunyanya pamidziyo yepakati mune chinongedzo.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-07-2025
