Mukushanda kwetiweki uye kugadzirisa, idambudziko rakajairika asi rinonetsa iro zvishandiso hazvigone Ping mushure mekubatana zvakananga. Kune vese vanotanga uye mainjiniya ane ruzivo, kazhinji zvinodikanwa kuti utange pamatanho akati wandei uye uongorore zvinogona kukonzera. Ichi chinyorwa chinotyora matanho ekugadzirisa dambudziko kuti ikubatsire nekukurumidza kutsvaga chikonzero chedambudziko uye gadzirisa. Idzi nzira dzinoshanda uye dzinoshanda mune ese ari maviri network network uye bhizinesi nharaunda. Tichakufambisa mudambudziko iri nhanho nhanho, kubva kumacheki ekutanga kusvika kumacheki epamusoro.
1. Tarisa Physical Connection Status kuti Uve nechokwadi chokuti Chiratidzo chiri kushanda
Hwaro hwekutaurirana netiweki kubatana kwemuviri. Kana mudziyo ukatadza kuPing mushure mekubatana kwakananga, danho rekutanga nderekutarisa kuti iyo yemuviri layer iri kushanda. Heano matanho:
Simbisa Network Cable Connection:Tarisa uone kana tambo yetiweki yakavharirwa mukati zvakasimba uye kana network tambo interface yakasununguka. Kana ukashandisa tambo yakananga, ita shuwa kuti tambo inoenderana neTIA/EIA-568-B yakajairwa (Common Direct Cable Standard). Kana uine zvishandiso zvekare, ungangoda kuyambuka mitsara (TIA/EIA-568-A) nekuti zvimwe zvigadziriso zvekare hazvitsigire otomatiki MDI/MDIX switching.
Tarisa Hunhu hweNetwork Cable:hurombo husina kunaka kana tambo refu yetiweki inogona kukonzera kusaina. Yakajairika network tambo urefu hunofanirwa kudzorwa mukati me100 metres. Kana iyo tambo yakarebesa kana ine kukuvara kuri pachena (semuenzaniso, yakaputsika kana yakatsetseka), zvinokurudzirwa kuitsiva netambo yemhando yepamusoro uye kuyedza zvakare.
Tarisa Device Indicators:Zvizhinji zvetiweki zvishandiso (senge switch, marouters, network makadhi) ane chinongedzo chimiro zviratidzo. Kazhinji, mwenje unovhenekera (girinhi kana orenji) mushure mekubatanidza, uye panogona kunge paine flicker kuratidza kutamiswa kwedata. Kana iyo chiratidzo ikasavheneka, inogona kunge iri dambudziko netambo yetiweki, yakatyoka interface, kana chishandiso hachina simba.
Test Port:Batanidza tambo yetiweki mune imwe chiteshi chechishandiso kusabvisa mukana wekukuvara kwechiteshi. Kana iripo, unogona kushandisa network tambo tester kutarisa kubatana kwetiweki tambo kuti uone kuti waya imwe neimwe yakarongedzerwa nemazvo.
Kubatana kwemuviri inhanho yekutanga mukutaurirana kwenetiweki, uye isu tinofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti hapana matambudziko padanho iri tisati taenderera mberi nekuongorora zvikonzero zvepamusoro.
2. Tarisa STP Status yeChishandiso Kuti Uve nechokwadi chekuti Port haina Kuremara
Kana iwe usingakwanise kuPing kunyangwe yakajairika kubatana kwemuviri, panogona kunge paine dambudziko neiyo mudziyo link-layer protocol. Chimwe chikonzero chakajairika iSpanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Nzwisisa Basa reSTP:STP(Spanning Tree Protocol) inoshandiswa kudzivirira kutaridzika kwezvishwe mumambure. Kana mudziyo ukaona loop, STP inoisa mamwe madoko muBlocking State, ichidzivirira kuti isatumire data.
Tarisa Port Status:Pinda muCLI yemudziyo wako (Command Line interface) kana Webhu admin interface kuti uone kana chiteshi chiri mu "Forwarding" mamiriro. Panyaya yeCisco switch, iyo STP mamiriro anogona kutariswa uchishandisa iyo command show spat-muti. Kana chiteshi chinoratidzwa se "Kuvharira", STP iri kuvharira kutaurirana pachiteshi ichocho.
Solution:
Dzima kwenguva pfupi STP:Munzvimbo yekuyedza, zvinokwanisika kudzima STP kwenguva pfupi (semuenzaniso, hapana spath-muti vlan 1), asi izvi hazvikurudzirwe mukugadzira nekuti zvinogona kukonzera dutu renhepfenyuro.
Shandisa PortFast:Kana iyo mudziyo ichiitsigira, iyo PortFast basa inogona kugoneswa pachiteshi (mirairo senge spath-muti portfast), ichibvumira chiteshi kusvetuka chikamu chekuteerera nekudzidza STP uye kupinda zvakananga mudunhu rekutumira.
Tarisa zvishwe:Kana iyo STP block yakakonzerwa nekuvapo kwezvishwe mumambure, wedzera kutarisa network topology kuti uwane uye kutyora zvishwe.
Matambudziko eSTP akajairika mumabhizinesi network, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Kana uine network diki, unogona kusvetuka danho iri ikozvino, asi kunzwisisa kuti STP inoshanda sei kunogona kuenda kure mukugadzirisa matambudziko mune ramangwana.
3. Tarisa kana ARP iri Kushanda Kuve nechokwadi chekuti MAC Kero Yakagadziriswa Zvakanaka
Kana iyo link layer yakajairika, enda kune network layer kuti utarise. Mutemo wePing unovimba neICMP protocol, iyo inotanga kugadzirisa chinangwa cheIP kukero yeMAC kuburikidza neKero Resolution Protocol (ARP). Kana ARP resolution ikatadza, Ping inotadza.
Tarisa tafura yeARP: Tarisa tafura yeARP pamudziyo kuti uone kuti kero yeMAC yechishandiso chakanangwa yakagadziriswa. MuWindows, semuenzaniso, unogona kuona iyo ARP cache nekuvhura mutsara wekuraira uye kutaipa arp-a. Kana pasina MAC kero yepanzvimbo IP, ARP resolution yakundikana.
Kuedza Nemaoko ARP:Edza kutumira zvikumbiro zveARP nemaoko. Semuenzaniso, paWindows unogona kushandisa ping command kukonzeresa chikumbiro cheARP, kana kushandisa zvakananga chishandiso senge arping (paLinux masisitimu). Kana pasina mhinduro kuchikumbiro cheARP, zvikonzero zvinogoneka zvinosanganisira:
Firewall Blocking:Zvikumbiro zveARP zvakavharwa nefirewall yemamwe maturusi. Tarisa iyo firewall Settings yechinhu chinotarirwa mudziyo uye edza zvakare mushure mekudzima kwenguva pfupi firewall.
IP Collision:ARP resolution inogona kutadza kana paine IP kero kudhumhana mune network. Shandisa chishandiso chakaita seWireshark kubata mapaketi uye kuona kana paine akawanda MAC kero inopindura kune imwecheteyo IP.
Solution:
Delete Arpcache (Windows: netsh interface ip bvisa arpcache; Linux: ip-ss neigh flush zvese) uyezve Ping zvakare.
Ita shuwa kuti ma IP kero ezvishandiso zvese zviri mune imwechete subnet uye kuti subnet mask yakafanana (ona nhanho inotevera yeruzivo).
Nyaya dzeARP dzinowanzo enderana nekugadziriswa kwetiweki layer, uye zvinotora moyo murefu kugadzirisa matambudziko kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti zvese zviri kushanda.
4. Tarisa IP Kero uye Subnet Configuration kuti Uve nechokwadi chekutaurirana Infrastructure
Matambudziko pane network layer ndiwo anonyanya kukonzera kutadza kwePing. Makero eIP asina kurongeka uye ma subnets anoita kuti zvishandiso zvitadze kutaurirana. Heano matanho:
Simbisa IP Kero:Tarisa uone kana IP kero yemidziyo miviri iri mu subnet imwechete. Semuenzaniso, mudziyo A une IP ye192.168.1.10 uye subnet mask ye 255.255.255.0. Mudziyo B une IP ye192.168.1.20 uye yakafanana subnet mask. Iwo ma ips maviri ari pane imwechete subnet (192.168.1.0/24) uye anogona theory kutaurirana. Kana mudziyo B uine IP ye192.168.2.20, haisi pane imwechete subnet uye Ping ichatadza.
Tarisa Subnet Masks:Zvisingaenderani subnet masks zvinogona zvakare kutungamira mukutadza kutaurirana. Semuenzaniso, mudziyo A une mask ye 255.255.255.0 uye mudziyo B ine mask ye 255.255.0.0, iyo inogona kutungamirira kune zvipingamupinyi zvekukurukurirana nekuda kwekunzwisisa kwavo kwakasiyana kwe subnet scope. Ita shuwa kuti subnet masks akafanana kune ese maturusi.
Tarisa Gateway Settings:Zvishandiso zvakabatana zvakananga kazhinji hazvidi gedhi, asi magedhi asina kurongeka anogona kukonzera kuti mapaketi atumirwe zvisiri izvo. Ita shuwa kuti gedhi rezvishandiso zvese zviri zviviri rakaiswa kune unconfigured kana kunongedza kukero chaiyo.
Solution:
Shandura iyo IP kero kana subnet mask kuti uone kuti ese maturusi ari mune imwechete subnet. Dzima zvisina kufanira gedhi Settings kana kuseta kune iyo default kukosha (0.0.0.0).
IP configuration ndiyo musimboti wekutaurirana netiweki, saka zvakakosha kuti utarise kaviri kuti uone kuti hapana chisipo.
5. Tarisa ICMP Packets Yakatumirwa uye Yakagamuchirwa kuti Ive nechokwadi chokuti Protocol haina Kuremara.
Mutemo wePing unovimba neInternet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP). Kana ICMP mapaketi akabatwa kana kuremara, Ping haizobudiriri.
Tarisa yako Firewall Mitemo:Midziyo mizhinji ine firewall inogoneswa neiyo default, iyo inogona kuvhara zvikumbiro zveICMP. MuWindows, semuenzaniso, tarisa iyo "Windows Defender Firewall" kuseta kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti ICMPv4-In mutemo unobvumidzwa. Linux masisitimu tarisa iyo iptables mutemo (iptables -L) kuve nechokwadi chekuti ICMP haisi kuvharwa.
Tarisa Device Policy:Mamwe ma router kana ma switch anodzima mhinduro dze ICMP kudzivirira kuongorora. Pinda muchidzitiro che manejimendi kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti ICMP yakadzimwa.
Packet Capture Analysis:Shandisa chishandiso chakadai seWireshark kanaMylinking Network TapsuyeMylinking Network Packet Brokerskutora mapaketi kuti uone kana chikumbiro cheICMP chakaitwa uye kana paine mhinduro. Kana chikumbiro chaitwa asi pasina mhinduro, dambudziko rinogona kunge riri pane chipfuro chinotaridzwa. Kana pasina chikumbiro chaitwa, dambudziko rinogona kunge riri pamushini wemuno.
Solution:
(Windows: netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off; Linux: iptables -F) kuongorora kana Ping yadzokera kune yakajairika.Enable ICMP mhinduro pamudziyo (somuenzaniso, Cisco device: ip icmp echo-reply).
Nyaya dzeICMP dzinowanzoenderana nemitemo yekuchengetedza, iyo inoda tradeoff pakati pekuchengetedza nekubatanidza.
6. Tarisa uone kana iyo Packet Format Yakarurama Kuti Uve nechokwadi chekuti HAPANA Anomalies muProtocol Stack.
Kana zvese zvikafamba zvakanaka uye uchiri kutadza Ping, ungangoda kudhirikira pasi muprotocol stack kuti uone kuti packet iri mufomati chaiyo.
Bata uye Ongorora Mapaketi:
Shandisa Wireshark kubata ICMP mapaketi uye tarisa zvinotevera:
- Rudzi uye kodhi yeICMP Chikumbiro chakarurama (Echo Chikumbiro chinofanira kunge chiri Type 8, Code 0).
-Kunyangwe kwainobva uye kwekuenda ips ndizvo.
-Kunyangwe paine zvisina kujairika TTL (Nguva Yekurarama) izvo zvinogona kuita kuti pakiti idonhe pakati.
Tarisa MTU Settings:Kana iyo yakanyanya kutapurirana Unit (MTU) Zvirongwa zvisingaenderane, kupatsanurwa kwepaketi kunogona kutadza. Iyo yakasarudzika MTU ndeye 1500 bytes, asi mamwe madivayiri anogona kugadzirwa ane madiki kukosha. Edza kupatsanurwa nemurairo ping-fl 1472 chinangwa IP (Windows). Kana sharding ikakurudzirwa asi iyo Do not sharding (DF) mureza wakaiswa, iyo MTU haienderane.
Solution:
Rongedza kukosha kweMTU (Windows: netsh interface ipv4 set subinterface "Ethernet" mtu=1400 store=inoramba iripo).
Ita shuwa kuti MTU yemidziyo miviri yakafanana.
Dambudziko reprotocol stack rakanyanya kuoma, zvinokurudzirwa kuti kuongororwa kwakadzama kunoitwa mushure mekuferefeta kwekutanga kusina zvibereko.
7. Unganidza Ruzivo uye Tsvaga Tsigiro dzehunyanzvi
Kana matanho ari pamusoro akasagadzirisa nyaya, ungangoda kuunganidza ruzivo uye kutsvaga rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi.
Log:Unganidza irogi ruzivo rwechigadzirwa (syslog ye router / switch, syslog yePC) uye ona kana paine zvikanganiso.
Bata Mugadziri:Kana mudziyo uri bhizinesi chigadzirwa sengeMylinking(Network Taps, Network Packet BrokersuyeInline Bypass), Cisco(Router/Switch), Huawei(Router/Switch), unogona kubata nerutsigiro rwehunyanzvi rwemugadziri kuti upe akadzama ekuongorora matanho nematanda.
Kubatsira Nharaunda:Tumira pamaforamu ehunyanzvi (semuenzaniso, Stack Kufashukira, Cisco Nharaunda) yerubatsiro, ichipa yakadzama network topology uye ruzivo rwekugadzirisa.
Kubatana kwakananga kune network network inotadza kuPing ingaite seyakapusa, asi kutaura zvazviri inogona kusanganisira matambudziko akawanda pane yemuviri layer, link layer, network layer, uye kunyangwe protocol stack. Matambudziko mazhinji anogona kugadziriswa nekutevera aya nhanho nomwe, kubva pahwaro kuenda kumberi. Ingave iri kutarisa tambo yetiweki, kugadzirisa STP, kuongorora ARP, kana kugadzirisa IP configuration uye ICMP mutemo, danho rega rega rinoda kutarisirwa uye kushivirira. Ndinovimba gwara rino richakupa kujekeswa kwekuita yako Internet kugadzirisa dambudziko, kuti usazovhiringika kana ukasangana nedambudziko rakafanana.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-09-2025
